tonic water
ingredient / ingredient-tonic-water
トニックウォーター
Tonic water is a carbonated soft drink bittered with quinine. The amount of added quinine is subject to legal maximum limits in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and elsewhere (the limits are listed under quinine).
On this page (7 sections)
Reading the bitterness
Tonic water's bitterness shows up not only in its maximum strength but also in how long it lingers in the mouth. In a test that presented 3 commercial brands at 10℃ in about 30 mL portions and had 9 trained panelists track them on a 0-to-9 scale for 90 seconds, there was no difference in maximum intensity, time to maximum, total duration, or area under the curve. On the other hand, the time the maximum intensity was sustained and the time at which the intensity began to decline differed between some brands.
When the same 3 brands were evaluated by a separate group of 96 consumers on a 9-point hedonic scale, the mean overall acceptance was 6.24 for M1, 6.08 for M2, and 5.14 for M3, with M1 and M2 higher than M3. That there was no difference in maximum bitterness and the like in the time-intensity test is a separate matter from whether overall preference is the same. The sugar and carbonation levels of each product were not measured, so the cause of the difference in acceptance cannot be determined from this comparison.
In an experiment using a device that presents aroma, 3 kinds of drinks were also compared on the same scale. 27 people held tonic water, carbonated mineral water, and Sprite in the mouth for 6 seconds each under conditions of chocolate aroma, citrus aroma, and no aroma, and rated bitterness on a 150 mm line scale. Tonic water was more bitter than the other 2 drinks (p<0.001 for each), and the main effect of aroma and the interaction between aroma and drink were not significant. The brands and composition are unknown.
Sources for this overview
Água tônica: aceitação e análise tempo-intensidade do gosto amargo
Checked for this overview: Supports the 3 brands, presentation temperature and amount, the 9 trained panelists, 90 seconds, the 0-to-9 scale, the indicators with no difference, and the time indicators with some difference between brands. / Supports the 9-point overall acceptance by a separate group of 96 consumers, the 3-product averages and letter groupings, and the caveat that composition was not measured so the cause cannot be determined.
Checked for this overview: Supports the comparison of 3 drinks by 27 people, the 6 seconds, the 150 mm scale, the result that tonic water's bitterness was stronger than the 2 controls, and the caveat that brand and composition are unknown.
Follow the connections
tonic water →is bittered with→ quinine →elicits→ bitterness
Structured claims — open a section to read each claim's confidence, evidence and limits
Composition and content (1)
Scope: Commercial tonic water (undiluted) in the U.S. market. Measured by fluorescence spectroscopy
Show data
ingredient-tonic-water —is_bittered_with→ compound-quinineSensory (3)
Scope: 3 brands purchased in Viçosa, Brazil. 9 trained panelists, 10℃ and about 30 mL, 0-to-9 scale, a 90-second time-intensity evaluation with 3 replicates each
Note: Even when the maximum bitterness intensity is similar, every item on the time curve is not necessarily the same. The brands' quinine, sugar, and carbonation levels were not measured.
Show data
ingredient-tonic-water —has_sensory_response→ "The bitterness of 3 commercial tonic water brands showed no difference in maximum intensity, time to maximum, total duration, or area under the curve, but the time the maximum intensity was sustained and the time at which the intensity began to decline differed between some brands"Scope: 3 anonymized brands evaluated in 1 session. The means were M1 6.24, M2 6.08, and M3 5.14, with M1 and M2 forming a different letter grouping from M3 by Duncan's test at the 5% level
Note: The acceptance test used 96 consumers separate from the 9 trained panelists in the time-intensity evaluation, and asked only about overall impression. The difference is not treated as an effect of the time-related properties of bitterness alone.
Show data
ingredient-tonic-water —has_sensory_response→ "When the same 3 brands were evaluated by 96 people on a 9-point hedonic scale, the overall acceptance of M1 and M2 was higher than that of M3"Scope: 27 people with a mean age of 24.19 rated bitterness on a 150 mm visual analog scale across combinations of the 3 drinks with chocolate aroma, citrus aroma, and no aroma, each with 3 replicates
Note: The post-hoc comparisons for the main effect of drink were both p<0.001. The main effect of the olfactory stimulus on bitterness and its interaction were not significant. Brand, quinine level, and sugar level are unknown.
Show data
ingredient-tonic-water —has_sensory_response→ "In an experiment comparing 3 kinds of drinks, tonic water was rated as more bitter than carbonated mineral water and Sprite"