quinine

quinine affects_cell_surface_expression_of T2R4, T2R7, T2R10, T2R39 and T2R46 in the studied cell systems予備的

範囲: Cell-based molecular and pharmacological experiments

注記: Pharmacochaperone activity is distinct from perceived bitterness intensity.

Quinine treatment increased cell-surface expression in several tested T2R subtypes and the authors interpreted this as pharmacochaperone activity.

限界: Not a human perception experiment.

出典: The Pharmacochaperone Activity of Quinine on Bitter Taste Receptors（Upadhyaya JD; Chakraborty R; Shaik FA; Jaggupilli A; Bhullar RP; Chelikani P, 2016）・抄録確認

quinine has_perceived_bitterness_suppressed_by Sucrose, aspartame and sodium chloride at comparatively high concentrations支持あり

範囲: 0.1 mM quinine hydrochloride in the cited human study

注記: The required concentrations and matrix are essential to interpretation.

Sucrose, aspartame and NaCl suppressed bitterness of 0.1 mM quinine but required comparatively high concentrations.

限界: Solution study; concentrations may not transfer to foods.

出典: The effect of various substances on the suppression of the bitterness of quinine-human gustatory sensation, binding, and taste sensor studies（Nakamura T; Tanigake A; Miyanaga Y; Ogawa T; Akiyoshi T; Matsuyama K; Uchida T, 2002）・抄録確認

quinine can_show_higher_bitterness_scores_with Higher tannic-acid addition, probably reflecting tannic-acid astringency予備的

範囲: Specific concentrations in the cited human study

注記: Illustrates descriptor interaction; it does not prove that astringency is bitterness.

Increasing tannic acid to 0.15% raised the bitterness score, which the authors suggested may reflect tannic-acid astringency.

限界: The proposed explanation is interpretive and descriptors may interact.

出典: The effect of various substances on the suppression of the bitterness of quinine-human gustatory sensation, binding, and taste sensor studies（Nakamura T; Tanigake A; Miyanaga Y; Ogawa T; Akiyoshi T; Matsuyama K; Uchida T, 2002）・抄録確認

quinine elicits bitterness確立

範囲: Quinine hydrochloride solutions in human gustatory testing

注記: Intensity varies with concentration and mixture context.

Human volunteers rated bitterness of quinine hydrochloride solutions while suppression by mixture components was tested.

限界: Solution context; no food matrix.

出典: The effect of various substances on the suppression of the bitterness of quinine-human gustatory sensation, binding, and taste sensor studies（Nakamura T; Tanigake A; Miyanaga Y; Ogawa T; Akiyoshi T; Matsuyama K; Uchida T, 2002）・抄録確認

quinine is_permitted_in_us_carbonated_beverages_up_to 83 parts per million as quinine, with mandatory label declaration文脈資料

範囲: United States; quinine hydrochloride or sulfate used as flavor in carbonated beverages (21 CFR 172.575)

注記: Legal permission and cap, not a sensory or toxicological threshold.

Quinine as hydrochloride or sulfate salt may be used in carbonated beverages as a flavor, not exceeding 83 ppm as quinine, with a prominent label declaration.

限界: Legal limit; says nothing about sensory intensity or safety margins.

出典: Quinine (21 CFR §172.575)（U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2023）・全文確認

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