化合物 / compound-caffeine
caffeine
Methylxanthine with bitter sensory properties and multiple biological actions
主張（2）
caffeine is_a_poor_universal_prototype_for bitterness支持あり
範囲: Experimental use of caffeine as a bitter stimulus
注記: The review notes receptor-independent as well as canonical pathways.
Concludes that caffeine is a poor prototypical bitter stimulus because it also acts through bitter-receptor-independent pathways.
限界: Review conclusion; specific pathways should be traced to primary papers for mechanistic articles.
出典: The Taste of Caffeine（Poole RL; Tordoff MG, 2017） ・抄録確認
caffeine has_perceived_bitterness_associated_with Habitual caffeine intake and bitter-receptor mRNA abundance in taste papillae予備的
範囲: Small human study reported in the cited article
注記: Association does not establish direction of causality or generalize to all populations.
Caffeine bitterness ratings were related to combined receptor mRNA abundance and self-reported daily caffeine intake.
限界: Observational association and self-reported intake; no direction of causality.
出典: Caffeine Bitterness is Related to Daily Caffeine Intake and Bitter Receptor mRNA Abundance in Human Taste Tissue（Lipchock SV; Spielman AI; Mennella JA; Mansfield CJ; Hwang LD; Douglas JE; Reed DR, 2017） ・抄録確認